表單模型¶
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你可以使用 Pydantic 模型 在 FastAPI 中宣告 表單欄位。
注意
此功能自 FastAPI 版本 0.113.0 起支援。🤓
針對表單的 Pydantic 模型¶
你只需要宣告一個 Pydantic 模型,包含你要接收為 表單欄位 的欄位,然後將參數宣告為 Form:
from typing import Annotated
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class FormData(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
@app.post("/login/")
async def login(data: Annotated[FormData, Form()]):
return data
🤓 Other versions and variants
Tip
Prefer to use the Annotated version if possible.
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class FormData(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
@app.post("/login/")
async def login(data: FormData = Form()):
return data
FastAPI 會從請求中的 表單資料 擷取 每個欄位 的資料,並給你所定義的 Pydantic 模型。
對於 HTML 核取方塊,請宣告預設值為 False 的布林欄位。
檢視文件¶
你可以在 /docs 的文件 UI 中驗證:
禁止額外的表單欄位¶
在某些特殊情況(可能不常見)下,你可能希望將 表單欄位 限制 為只有 Pydantic 模型中宣告的欄位。並禁止任何額外欄位。
注意
此功能自 FastAPI 版本 0.114.0 起支援。🤓
你可以使用 Pydantic 的模型設定來 forbid 任何 extra 欄位:
from typing import Annotated
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class FormData(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
model_config = {"extra": "forbid"}
@app.post("/login/")
async def login(data: Annotated[FormData, Form()]):
return data
🤓 Other versions and variants
Tip
Prefer to use the Annotated version if possible.
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class FormData(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
model_config = {"extra": "forbid"}
@app.post("/login/")
async def login(data: FormData = Form()):
return data
如果用戶端嘗試傳送額外資料,將會收到錯誤回應。
例如,用戶端若送出以下表單欄位:
username:Rickpassword:Portal Gunextra:Mr. Poopybutthole
他們會收到一個錯誤回應,告知欄位 extra 不被允許:
{
"detail": [
{
"type": "extra_forbidden",
"loc": ["body", "extra"],
"msg": "Extra inputs are not permitted",
"input": "Mr. Poopybutthole"
}
]
}
組合表單模型¶
你可以將多個表單模型與個別的 Form 參數組合使用。
from typing import Annotated
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Profile(BaseModel):
name: str
class Preferences(BaseModel):
tags: list[str] = []
@app.post("/profiles/")
async def create_profile(
profile: Annotated[Profile, Form()],
preferences: Annotated[Preferences, Form()],
token: Annotated[str, Form()],
):
return {"profile": profile, "preferences": preferences, "token": token}
🤓 Other versions and variants
Tip
Prefer to use the Annotated version if possible.
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Profile(BaseModel):
name: str
class Preferences(BaseModel):
tags: list[str] = []
@app.post("/profiles/")
async def create_profile(
profile: Profile = Form(),
preferences: Preferences = Form(),
token: str = Form(),
):
return {"profile": profile, "preferences": preferences, "token": token}
用戶端以表單欄位傳送 name、tags 和 token。每個模型會獨立驗證表單欄位。
每個模型的 extra 設定都會套用至所有表單欄位,包括在其他參數或依賴項中宣告的欄位和檔案。使用 extra="forbid" 時,模型以外的任何欄位都會被拒絕。使用 extra="allow" 時,這些欄位會作為模型的額外資料納入。
如果多個宣告使用相同的表單欄位名稱,每個宣告都會驗證該欄位的值。請為共用欄位使用相容的型別和限制條件,讓 OpenAPI schema 能一致地描述這些欄位。
可選的表單模型¶
宣告表單模型時使用 | None 並將預設值設為 None,即可讓整組欄位變為可選。
from typing import Annotated
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Profile(BaseModel):
name: str
age: int
@app.post("/profiles/")
async def create_profile(
token: Annotated[str, Form()],
profile: Annotated[Profile | None, Form()] = None,
):
return {"token": token, "profile": profile}
🤓 Other versions and variants
Tip
Prefer to use the Annotated version if possible.
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Profile(BaseModel):
name: str
age: int
@app.post("/profiles/")
async def create_profile(
token: str = Form(),
profile: Profile | None = Form(default=None),
):
return {"token": token, "profile": profile}
如果既未傳送 name 也未傳送 age,profile 就會是 None。如果傳送了其中任一欄位,FastAPI 就會驗證模型,並要求提供這兩個欄位。提交空值也算是提供了欄位。
使用 | None 但未設定預設值時,該參數仍為必填。
額外欄位會遵循模型的 extra 設定。被忽略的額外欄位不會使模型被視為已提供。
僅包含未勾選核取方塊的可選模型會被省略。傳送如 enabled=false 這樣的值,即可明確提供該模型。
可選的表單模型聯集¶
你也可以使用可選的模型聯集。
from typing import Annotated, Literal
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Person(BaseModel):
kind: Literal["person"]
name: str
class Company(BaseModel):
kind: Literal["company"]
company_name: str
@app.post("/contacts/")
async def create_contact(
contact: Annotated[Person | Company | None, Form(discriminator="kind")] = None,
):
return contact
🤓 Other versions and variants
Tip
Prefer to use the Annotated version if possible.
from typing import Literal
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Person(BaseModel):
kind: Literal["person"]
name: str
class Company(BaseModel):
kind: Literal["company"]
company_name: str
@app.post("/contacts/")
async def create_contact(
contact: Person | Company | None = Form(default=None, discriminator="kind"),
):
return contact
如果未傳送任何表單欄位,contact 就會是 None。請傳送 kind=person 搭配 name,或 kind=company 搭配 company_name。判別欄位會決定要驗證哪個模型。
組合表單模型聯集¶
你可以將聯集與其他表單模型、個別的 Form 參數及 File 參數組合使用。每個聯集都會獨立驗證。
from typing import Annotated, Literal
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Person(BaseModel):
contact_type: Literal["person"]
name: str
class Company(BaseModel):
contact_type: Literal["company"]
company_name: str
class Email(BaseModel):
notification_type: Literal["email"]
email: str
class SMS(BaseModel):
notification_type: Literal["sms"]
phone: str
@app.post("/contacts/")
async def create_contact(
contact: Annotated[Person | Company, Form(discriminator="contact_type")],
token: Annotated[str, Form()],
notification: Annotated[
Email | SMS | None, Form(discriminator="notification_type")
] = None,
):
return {"contact": contact, "notification": notification, "token": token}
🤓 Other versions and variants
Tip
Prefer to use the Annotated version if possible.
from typing import Literal
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Person(BaseModel):
contact_type: Literal["person"]
name: str
class Company(BaseModel):
contact_type: Literal["company"]
company_name: str
class Email(BaseModel):
notification_type: Literal["email"]
email: str
class SMS(BaseModel):
notification_type: Literal["sms"]
phone: str
@app.post("/contacts/")
async def create_contact(
contact: Person | Company = Form(discriminator="contact_type"),
token: str = Form(),
notification: Email | SMS | None = Form(
default=None, discriminator="notification_type"
),
):
return {"contact": contact, "notification": notification, "token": token}
在同一份表單中傳送所有欄位。例如,傳送 contact_type=person、name=Rick、notification_type=email、email=rick@example.com 和 token=secret。
省略通知欄位即可讓 notification 保持為 None。
表單模型與檔案¶
你也可以將表單模型與檔案參數組合使用。
from typing import Annotated
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form, UploadFile
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Profile(BaseModel):
name: str
@app.post("/profiles/")
async def create_profile(profile: Annotated[Profile, Form()], avatar: UploadFile):
return {"profile": profile, "filename": avatar.filename}
🤓 Other versions and variants
Tip
Prefer to use the Annotated version if possible.
from fastapi import FastAPI, File, Form, UploadFile
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Profile(BaseModel):
name: str
@app.post("/profiles/")
async def create_profile(profile: Profile = Form(), avatar: UploadFile = File()):
return {"profile": profile, "filename": avatar.filename}
在此,用戶端使用 multipart/form-data 傳送 name 欄位和 avatar 檔案。
摘要¶
你可以使用 Pydantic 模型在 FastAPI 中宣告表單欄位。😎